#### **About the Authors**

**Kym Anderson** is George Gollin Professor of Economics and foundation Executive Director of the Wine Economics Research Centre at the University of Adelaide. He has published numerous articles on the economics of wine for industry and academic journals as well as a 2004 book on *The World's Wine Markets: Globalization at Work*. He is also the author of a 700-page statistical compendium on *Which Winegrape Varieties Are Grown Where?* (2013), published by the University of Adelaide Press. He has served on the Board of Directors of Australia's Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (2000-05), and is a co-founder and Vice-President of the American Association of Wine Economists and a Co-Editor of Cambridge University Press's *Journal of Wine Economics*.

**Signe Nelgen** is an agricultural and trade economist who, as a doctoral student at the University of Adelaide, was co-author with Kym Anderson of the previous issue of this volume, published in 2011 (*Global Wine Markets, 1961 to 2009: A Statistical Compendium*). She has since worked at the International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi, the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington DC and the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. She is the author of a book on *Distortions to Agricultural Markets: Trends and Fluctuations, 1955-2010*.

**Vicente Pinilla** is Professor of Economic History at the Universidad de Zaragoza in northern Spain. He is editor of *Historia Agraria* and Director of the Centre for Depopulation and Rural Areas Studies, and serves on the Editorial Board of the Rural History in Europe Series of books. He is the author of *Peaceful Surrender: The Depopulation of Rural Spain in the Twentieth Century*, and is an editor of the books *Agriculture and Economic Development in Europe since 1870*, *Markets and Agricultural Change in Europe from the 13th to the 20th Century*, *Natural Resources and Economic Growth: Learning from History* and, with Kym Anderson, *Wine Globalization: A New Comparative History*.

#### **Suggested citation:**

Anderson, K, Nelgen, S, and Pinilla, V (2017). *Global wine markets, 1860 to 2016: a statistical compendium*. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20851/global-wine-markets. License: CC-BY 4.0

# **Global Wine Markets, 1860 to 2016:**

A Statistical Compendium

This volume revises, updates, backdates and expands the volume published in 2011 as: Anderson, K. and S. Nelgen, Global Wine Markets, 1961 to 2009: A Statistical Compendium, Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press, 2011.

Freely available as an ebook at http://www.adelaide.edu.au/press/titles/global-wine-markets

The annual time series data are also available as Excel spreadsheets at http://www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ/databases/global-wine-history

The authors welcome comments on how to improve the quality and coverage of data and the way they have been summarized. Please send feedback to:

Professor Kym Anderson, Executive Director Wine Economics Research Centre School of Economics University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia Phone (+61 8) 8313 4712 Fax (+61 8) 8223 1460 kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ

# **Global Wine Markets, 1860 to 2016:**

### A Statistical Compendium

#### **Kym Anderson, Signe Nelgen**

Wine Economics Research Centre, University of Adelaide, South Australia

#### **and Vicente Pinilla**

Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, Universidad de Zaragoza, and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Spain

Published in Adelaide by

University of Adelaide Press Barr Smith Library The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 press@adelaide.edu.au www.adelaide.edu.au/press

The University of Adelaide Press publishes externally refereed scholarly books by staff of the University of Adelaide. It aims to maximise access to the University's best research by publishing works through the internet as free downloads and for sale as high quality printed volumes.

© 2017 Kym Anderson, Signe Nelgen and Vicente Pinilla

This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This licence allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. Address all inquiries to the Director at the above address.

For the full Cataloguing-in-Publication data please contact the National Library of Australia:

cip@nla.gov.au

ISBN (paperback) 978-1-925261-65-3 ISBN (ebook) 978-1-925261-66-0

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20851/global-wine-markets

Cover image: iStockphoto Cover design: Chris Tonkin and John Emerson Project coordinator: Julia Keller

#### **Table of contents**


#### **List of charts**

#### Page



#### **List of tables**









#### **Technical notes**

This section provides definitions of products, indicators and measures used throughout the compendium and an explanation of how national and global wine markets are valued by quality categories.

#### *Definitions of products*

*Grapes* (FAO CODE 0560), both for fresh consumption and winemaking; processed products include dried grapes (FAO CODE 0561), grape juice (unfermented grape must, FAO CODE 0562), and (fermented) grape must (FAO CODE 0563). Grapes are the world's most valuable (unprocessed) horticultural product, according to the FAO gross value of production data.

*Wine* (FAO CODE 0564; SITC 112.12; Harmonised System Tariff Heading 2204) Beverage wines of fresh grapes of all qualities, including still, sparkling, fortified and dessert wines. Beverage wines are sometimes divided into the following three sub-categories:

*Bottled still wine* (Harmonised System Tariff Heading 220421) Still grape wines traded in containers of two litres or less (further sub-divided Into 'commercial premium' or 'CP' and 'super premium' or 'UP' wines in Sections VI and VII);

*Bulk (or other) wine* (Harmonised system tariff headings 220429) Still grape wines traded in containers exceeding two litres (also called 'non-premium' or 'NP' wine in Sections VI and VII); and

*Sparkling wine* (Harmonised System Tariff Heading 220410) Grape wines, sparkling.

#### *Non-beverage wine*

Grape wines used for distillation and industrial uses. Brandy, or "spirits obtained by distilling grape wine or grape marc" (Harmonised System Tariff Heading 220820) is important in a few countries and was more important during the earlier period of excessive wine production in early decades of the EU's common wine policy. In 2015 the value of brandy exports (net of re-exports) was 18% of the value of wine exports globally and 34% for France (down from 48% in 1994), 29% for Georgia, 24% for Moldova, and 7% for Spain (down from 18% in 1990), according to UN COMTRADE data.

#### *Rice wine*

Wine made from rice is of some importance in East Asia, especially China, Japan and Korea. It has a different name in each country (sake in Japan, mijiu in China, cheongju in Korea, …). Typically, it is at least 15% alcohol, is brewed differently than beer, and looks and is drunk like a clear spirit. For that reason, we include it in the spirits category throughout this compendium, with the exceptions of Sections VIII and X, which are based on Euromonitor International's 'Alcoholic Drinks' data that include rice and other fruit wines along with grape wine. This makes almost no difference except for China, Japan and Korea, where the wine numbers are overstated and the spirits numbers are understated somewhat. For

comparison, the indexes in Section IX are based on our standard wine definition and can therefore be compared with the volume indexes in Section X.

#### *Definitions of indicators*

#### *GDP*

Gross Domestic Product, the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year.

#### *Wine self-sufficiency*

Calculated as the volume of wine production divided by beverage wine consumption, times 100 so as to be expressed as a percentage.

#### *Exports of wine*

Wine exports include re-exports of foreign wine.

#### *Net imports of wine*

Wine imports minus wine exports (including any re-exports of foreign wine).

#### *Wine trade volume (value) specialization index*

Calculated in volume (value) terms as the ratio of minus the net imports of wine to the sum of wine imports plus exports, so that the index ranges between –1 and +1.

#### *Intra-industry trade volume (value) index*

Calculated in volume (value) terms and expressed as a percentage, it is 100 minus 100 times the modular (i.e. ignoring any negative sign) of the trade specialization index, so that the index ranges between 0 and 100%.

#### *Index of revealed comparative advantage in wine*

Calculated in value terms as the share of a country's or region's wine exports in its total merchandise exports divided by the share of world wine exports in total world merchandise exports. Thus, the higher a country's index is above (below) 1, the stronger its comparative advantage (disadvantage) in wine, as revealed from the trade data assuming the government has not distorted producer or consumer incentives.

#### *Unit value of wine exports (imports)*

Calculated as the value of a country's wine exports (imports) by region divided by the volume of its wine exports (imports) by region, expressed in current US\$ per litre.

#### *Index of bilateral wine trade intensity*

Calculated in volume or value terms as the share of country i's wine exports going to country j [xij/xi] divided by the share of country j's imports (mj) in world wine imports (mw) net of country i's imports (mi). That is, [xij/xi]/[mj/(mw - mi)]. If j is a country group and country i is part of country group j, it is necessary to subtract country i's imports from mj (in the numerator of the second expression in square brackets). Where the exporter also is a region, the following adjustments are made to allow for intra-regional trade: (a) exclude only 1/nth of i's imports from the denominator where n is the number of countries in the region, and (b) also multiply the numerator of the second expression in square brackets by (n-1)/n in the case where the index is for intra-regional trade.

#### *Consumption volume (value) intensity index*

Calculated in volume or value terms for country *i* as fim/fm where *m* is one of three beverages (wine, beer or spirits) and *fim* is the fraction of wine, beer or spirits consumption in total national alcohol consumption volume or expenditure in country *i* such that 0 ≤ *fim* ≤ 1 and S*<sup>m</sup> fim* = 1. This is divided by the fraction for that same beverage in world total alcohol consumption, *fm*, with 0 ≤ *fm* ≤ 1 and S*<sup>m</sup> fm* = 1. For weighted averages of intensity indexes for groups of countries, we use as weights each country's consumption of that beverage as a fraction of the group's total consumption of that beverage.

#### *Consumption volume (value) similarity index*

The similarity index uses vector representation to project combinations of variables with lengths determined by the shares of wine, beer and spirits in a country's total alcohol consumption volume or expenditure. The vector *fim* is the fraction of beer, wine or spirits consumption in the national alcohol consumption volume or expenditure in country *i*, such that these fractions are between 0 and 1 and sum to 1. The index is defined as:

$$
\omega\_{ij} = \frac{\sum\_{m=1}^{M} f\_{im} f\_{jm}}{\left(\sum\_{m=1}^{M} f\_{im}^{2}\right)^{1/2} \left(\sum\_{m=1}^{M} f\_{jm}^{2}\right)^{1/2}},
$$

where *i* and *j* are countries, and *m* = 1,2,3 beverages corresponding again to wine, beer and spirits and so *M* = 3. This makes it possible to indicate the degree of beverage consumption mix "similarity" of any pair of countries. The index also can be generated for each country relative to the average of a sample of countries or of all of the world. In short, ωij measures the degree of overlap between fi and fj. The numerator will be large when i's and j's beverage mixes are very similar. The denominator normalizes the measure to unity when fi and fj are identical. Hence, ωij will be close to 0 for pairs of countries with little similarity in their beverage mix, and 1 for pairs of countries with identical beverage consumption mixes. For cases in between those two extremes, 0 < ωij <1. This index is thus conceptually similar to a correlation coefficient and, like a correlation coefficient, is completely symmetrical in that ωij = ωji.

#### *Consumption quality index*

Calculated as the ratio of the national average retail price of a beverage to the world average retail price of that beverage. It is an imperfect quality index in that the prices include import, excise and value added taxes which vary greatly across countries and beverages.

#### *Definitions of unit measures*



#### *Explanations of unit measures*


#### *Explanations of multi-year data*

In Sections I and III, multi-year data are presented. For Section I they refer to 2014-16 and are the average of as many of those three years of data as are available. In section III they are decadal except for the most-recent period which is 2010-16, where again the average is shown for as many years as are available in each period. For data starting in the 1960s, for example, they may include data just nine years from 1961 if the source is the United Nations.

#### **Geographical regions and their abbreviations**

The compendium separately identifies the 47 most important individual countries in global wine markets plus 5 regional groupings of other countries. It also provides sub-totals for 8 regions (summing to the world) which have the following acronyms:

#### *Wine regions of the world*


#### *Individually reported countries in each wine region*


#### *Residual country groups*

#### **Other Western European wine net importers (OWEM)**

Andorra, Channel Islands, Cyprus, Faeroe Islands, Gibraltar, Greenland, Holy See, Iceland, Isle of Man, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Norway

#### **Other Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (OECA)**

Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mongolia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

#### **Other Latin America and Caribbean (OLAC)**

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands

Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre & Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela

#### **Other Africa and Middle East (OAME)**

**Africa:** Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Democratic Republic of), Congo-Brazzaville, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe **Middle East:** Afghanistan, Bahrain, Gaza, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Occupied Territories, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

#### **Other Asia and Pacific Islands (OAPA)**

American Samoa, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Indonesia, Kiribati, (Democratic People's Republic of) Korea, Laos, Macao, Maldives, Marshall Islands, (Federated States of) Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nepal, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Island, Samoa, San Marino, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Wallis and Futuna Islands

#### *Memo items: other country groups*

#### **European Union members as of March 2004** (**EU15)**

Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom

#### **European Union members as of July 2013 (EU28)**

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom

#### **New World wine exporters (NWE7)**

Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, United States

#### **Statistical sources**

As with the earlier compendia, the key data drawn upon are the United Nations' agricultural and trade sources, namely FAOSTAT and COMTRADE, supplemented by the World Bank for GDP data and Euromonitor International for domestic alcohol beverage consumption and sales data, plus EUROSTAT and various national statistical agencies and wine industry organizations to check individual country data and to obtain winegrape plantings by grape variety. Where possible the latest available revised time series are used to replace former series. There have been some changes of data from previous editions due to changes in data availability and organizational developments affecting data providers. For example, the OIV is now deferring to the FAO on vineyard and wine statistics, although we continue to use OIV for estimates of the two most-recent years of global wine production, consumption and export volume data. Following the listing of key contemporary and then historical sources, notes are provided below for the various sections of tables in this Compendium.

For a much more detailed explanation of how the data from 1860 were assembled and the original sources for each country, see Anderson, K. and V. Pinilla, "Annual Database of Global Wine Markets, 1835 to 2016: Methodology and Sources", at https://www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ/pubs/working\_papers/, November 2017. An Excel version of the annual data on which Part III of this Compendium is based is freely available as Anderson, K. and V. Pinilla (with the assistance of A.J. Holmes), *Annual Database of Global Wine Markets, 1835 to 2016*, Wine Economics Research Centre, at www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ/databases/global-wine-history, November 2017.

#### **Key contemporary data sources**

UN FAO (http://faostat.fao.org)

World Bank (http://econ.worldbank.org)

Euromonitor International, country beverage sector briefings (www.euromonitor.com) International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV), State of the Vitiviniculture World Market Report in 2009, *Note on the World Situation,* March 2010 and earlier issues (www.oiv.int) EUROSTAT (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat) Australian Bureau of Statistics, *Australian Wine and Grape Industry* (ABS Catalogue No. 1329.0). (www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/1329.0) Wine Australia (www.wineaustralia.com)

New Zealand Wine Growers*, Statistical Annual 2017* and earlier issues (http://wineinf.nzwine.com/statistics\_outputs.asp?id=89&cid=6&type=n) Wine Institute, California (www.wineinstitute.org/resources/statistics) South African Wine Industry Information and Systems (www.sawis.co.za) Wines of Argentina (www.winesofargentina.org/en) Wines of Chile (www.winesofchile.org)

#### **Key historical data sources (pre-1961)**

1835-1989: Mitchell, B.R. (2007a), *International Historical Statistics: Europe 1750-2005* (6th Edition), New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; Mitchell, B.R. (2007b),

*International Historical Statistics: Americas 1750-2005* (6th Edition), New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; and Mitchell, B.R. (2007c), *International Historical Statistics: Africa, Asia and Oceania 1750-2005* (5th Edition), New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.


#### **Parts I to III:**

Data on **grape vine area, yield/ha and production** are derived from FAOSTAT at: http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor

To get the **share of cropping land under vines**, grapevine area is divided by the total area of agricultural land (arable land and land used for permanent crops), as derived from FAO's ResourceSTAT database: http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=377

The FAO publishes the gross value of crop production for all crops and for individual crops such as grapes. **The share of grapes in gross value of all crop production** data refer to grapes for all purposes including wine-making.

The FAO only publishes total grape production, which includes grapes used for wine-making and grapes used for other purposes. **Grapes used for wine** data are estimated from the volume of wine production, assuming one tonne of wine grapes yields 750 litres of wine.

Estimates of **winegrape area by grape variety** are from K, Anderson (with the assistance of N.R. Aryal), *Which Winegrape Varieties are Grown Where? A Global Empirical Picture*, Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press, 2013 (which is also freely available as an e-book at www.adelaide.edu.au/press/titles/winegrapes).

FAO data on **wine production** have been updated for 2015 and 2016 from OIV and national sources.

The **wine, beer and spirits consumption** data for high-income countries from 1880 to 1936 are from the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, *Annuaire Statistique de la France* (Paris, 1938). From 1960 the default source is World Health Organization, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1022?lang=en except for wine for countries with reliable production and trade volume data, in which case apparent wine consumption is estimated as net imports plus the average of production in the current and two previous years (so as to allow for delays between production and final consumption and to smooth vintage weather fluctuations). All consumption data, like production data, are 'recorded', that is, no account is taken of informally produced or homemade (legal or illegal) alcoholic beverage production or consumption. The World Health Organization estimates that 29 percent of world alcohol consumption was unrecorded in 2005, and that estimate is 48 percent in lowincome countries and 69 percent in South and Southeast Asia, compared with 11 percent in high-income countries (WHO, *Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health,* Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011, www.who.int).

Data from Euromonitor International are used to compile the **shares of off-trade in total wine consumption**. Off-trade refers to wine purchased and consumed off the premises and therefore includes sales from retail outlets including grocery and liquor outlets but not from restaurants, hotels, bars and pubs. Unlike in other tables, the off-trade figures include nongrape wine. Non-grape wine accounts for more than a 5 percent share of wine sales in seven of the featured countries. In 2009 it was higher than 50 percent in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (made up predominantly from rice wine, sake and takju), was one-fifth in Azerbaijan, and was about one-eighth of wine sales in Austria (mostly fruit wines) and Hong Kong.

The **shares of the largest firms in total wine sales** are based on volumes of 'still light grape wine' as defined by Euromonitor International.

Data on the **world's most powerful wine brands** are sourced from Intangible Business (2016), *The Power 100: The World's Most Powerful Spirits and Wine Brands, 2015,* London: Intangible Business (www.drinkspowerbrands.com/The-Power-100-2015.pdf).

**Population** data by country was sourced from the FAO (http://faostat.fao.org). The share of the population that is adult (greater than 14 years of age) is from the United Nations. The **real GDP** data are in 1990 International Geary-Khamis dollars to 2010, and updated using purchasing power parity (PPP) estimates by the International Comparisons Program at http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp. Taiwan's GDP, population and exchange rate data are from the Taiwan's Council for Economic Planning and Development publication, the *Taiwanese Statistical Data Book 2016* (www.ndc.gov.tw/).

#### **Parts IV and V:**

The UN Commodity Trade Statistics database (COMTRADE) is used to obtain bilateral **value and volume of trade** data for all countries (whose ratio provides the unit value, or average price). COMTRADE distinguishes sparkling wine, still wine in bottles of less than 2 litres (split into commercial- and super-premium as detailed at the end of the Technical Notes section above), and other still wine (assumed to be equal to non-premium still wine). COMTRADE also is the source for the sum of all merchandise trade (http://comtrade.un.org). Taiwan's trade data are from http://cus93.trade.gov.tw/ENGLISH/FSCE and http://wits.worldbank.org/wits/.

The bilateral trade matrices are based on export data, but they would be very similar if they have been based on import data.

#### **Part VI:**

**Wine and other alcohol taxes** are very complex and thus difficult to summarize, because the excise and import taxes (but not VAT/GST) are typically per unit of beverage or of alcohol, and hence vary with the price and alcohol content of each beverage. They have been converted to an average ad valorem equivalent (AVE) rate using various assumptions in a paper by Anderson, K. "Excise and Import Taxes on Wine vs Beer and Spirits: An International Comparison", *Economic Papers* 29(2): 215-28, June 2010 and Anderson, K, "Excise taxes on wines, beers and spirits: An updated international comparison", Working Paper No. 170, American Association of Wine Economists, October, at http://www.wineeconomics.org/aawe/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/AAWE\_WP170.pdf. Thanks are due to Thithi Nguyentran for research assistance in generating these AVEs. Chief sources are OECD (2016), *Consumption Tax Trends 2016: VAT/GST and Excise Rates, Trends and Administration Issues,* Paris: OECD (and earlier biennial issues) and European Commission (2016), *Excise Duty Tables: Part 1: Alcoholic Beverages*, Brussels: European Commission.

#### **Parts VII, VIII, and IX:**

These **beverage consumption expenditure** are from Holmes, A.J. and K. Anderson, *Annual Database of National Beverage Consumption Volumes and Expenditures, 1950 to 2015*, Wine Economics Research Centre, University of Adelaide, at www.adelaide.edu.au/wineecon/databases/alcohol-consumption. The **indexes of consumption intensity, similarity and quality** are defined and the estimates summarized in their article entitled "Convergence in National Alcohol Consumption Patterns: New Global Indicators", *Journal of Wine Economics* 12(2), 2017. The original data on expenditure are from Euromonitor International.

#### **Part X:**

British import data are from James, M.K. (1971), *Studies in the Medieval Wine Trade,* Oxford: Clarendon Press; the Appendix in Francis, A.D. (1972), *The Wine Trade,* London: Adams and Charles Black; and Ludington, C.C. (2013), *The Politics of Wine in Britain: A New Cultural History,* Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

British alcohol taxes are from Tena, A. (2006), 'Assessing the Protectionist Intensity of Tariffs in Nineteenth-Century European Trade Policy', in *Classical Trade Protectionism, 1815-1914,* edited by J.-P. Dormois and P. Lains, London and New York: Routledge; Great Britain Central Statistical Office, *Annual Abstract of Statistics,* London, various issues; and Table A1 of Ludington (2013), Ludington, C.C. (2013), *The Politics of Wine in Britain: A New Cultural History,* Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

French import taxes are from Pinilla, V. and M.I. Ayuda (2002), "The Political Economy of the Wine Trade: Spanish Exports and the International Market, 1890-1935", *European Review of Economic History* 6(1): 51-86, from data in Direction General des Douanes (1850- 1938), (1848-1939), *Tableau du Commerce Exterieur de la France*. The French bilateral trade data are revised from earlier numbers in Pinilla, V. (2014), 'Wine Historical Statistics: A Quantitative Approach to its Consumption, Production and Trade, 1840-1938', AAWE Working Paper 167, August at www.wine-economics.org

Portugal port wine production and export volumes are from Martins, C.A. (1990). *Memória do Vinho do Porto*, Lisbon: Institntuto de Ciências Sociais, Table 68.

South African (Cape) vine area, wine production and wine exports are from the following: 1657-62: Jan van Riebeek's Diary (South African National Archives);


Greek raisin production and export data are from Meloni, G. and J. Swinnen (2017), 'Standards, Tariffs and Trade: The Rise and Fall of the Raisin Trade Between Greece and France in the Late Nineteenth Century', *Journal of World Trade* 51(4): 1–29.

In cases where information is not available, or where a number is not applicable for a particular country, na is inserted. Lack of information is mainly a problem for small and poor countries, especially ones that are not wine-focused. Their omission thus has almost no impact on the regional and especially global aggregates reported in those tables.

#### **Authors' preface**

This latest edition of our *Statistical Compendium* is the tenth version to be prepared since 1998. It has been compiled by the Wine Economics Research Centre of the University of Adelaide. It updates data to 2016 but also revises past data, and it expands on earlier editions in a number of ways. For example, we include many more tables to show wine's consumption relative to that of other beverages, from A.J. Holmes and K. Anderson, *Annual Database of National Beverage Consumption Volumes and Expenditures, 1950 to 2015*, at www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ/databases/alcohol-consumption, July 2017. As well, an extra century of historical data are included as ten-year averages, drawing on a new annual database that is freely available as K. Anderson and V. Pinilla (with the assistance of A.J. Holmes), *Annual Database of Global Wine Markets, 1835 to 2016*, Wine Economics Research Centre, at www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ/databases/global-wine-history, November 2017. This edition is thus a major improvement over previous editions, the pre-2009 ones of which were compiled by the Centre for International Economic Studies (CIES) at the University of Adelaide, and by the Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS) at Monash University, as follows:


We acknowledge and thank the University of Adelaide's Faculty of the Professions for assisting with funding the project to produce this Compendium. We are also grateful to Alexander Holmes and Thithi Nguyentran for research assistance with various Parts, to Kimie Harada for revisions of Japan's data (as reported in Anderson, K. and K. Harada (2017), "How Much Wine is *Really* Produced and Consumed in China, Hong Kong and Japan?", Wine Economics Research Centre Working Paper 0517, November), to co-authors of previous editions, and to the contributors to the *Annual Database of Global Wine Markets, 1835 to 2016*, who are also contributors to K. Anderson and V. Pinilla (eds.) (2018), *Wine Globalization: A New Comparative History*, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Because that Cambridge University Press volume is being published simultaneously with this Compendium, there is no need to include an Introductory chapter here as in preceding issues of the Compendium. Instead, readers are referred to the empirically based analytical narratives in that multi-authored volume, particularly chapter 2 by K. Anderson and V. Pinilla, which provides a lengthy overview of wine globalization during the past 180 years. There are around 200 charts and tables in that volume, drawing on the data in this Compendium.

While the authors have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and currency of information within this compendium, we accept no responsibility for information which may later prove to be misrepresented or inaccurate, or for any reliance placed on the information by readers.

# **Charts**

#### 1. Share of total agricultural crop area under vines, 2014, %

2. Share of grapes in gross value of crop production, 1990s and 2014, %

3. Volume of national wine production, 1980s and 2014-16, ML per year

4. Volume of national wine consumption, 1980s and 2014-16, ML per year

#### 5. Volume of world wine production, 1960s to 2016, ML per year

6. Volume of world wine consumption, 1960s to 2016, ML per year

7. Volume of wine production per capita, 2014-16, litres per year

#### 9. Share of world wine consumption volume, 2014-16, %

#### 10. Share of world wine consumption expenditure, 2015, %

#### 11. Share of wine in alcohol consumption volume, 2014, %

12. Share of wine in alcohol expenditure, 2013-15, %

13. Wine consumption per capita, traditional European markets, 1920s to 2016, litres per year

14. Wine consumption per capita, other European markets, 1920s to 2016, litres per year

#### 15. Wine consumption per capita, New World markets, 1960s to 2016, litres/year

16. Wine consumption per capita, Asian markets, 1960s to 2016, litres/year

17. Asian wine consumption volume, 1995 to 2016, ML

18. Wine's share of world alcohol consumption volume, 1960s to 2016, %

(a) Most wine-intensive countries

#### (b) Least wine-intensive countries

(a) Most wine-intensive countries

21. World consumption per capita of wine, beer and spirits, 1960s to 2016, litres of alcohol per year

22. Per capita expenditure on wine, 2013-15, US\$ per year

#### 23. Shares of world wine export volume and value, 2014-16, %

24. Shares of world wine import volume and value, 2014-16, %

#### 25. Exports as % of wine production volume, 2014-16

26. Imports as % of wine consumption volume, 2014-16

27. Exports as % of wine production volume in EU-15, New World and globally, 1960s to 2010-16

28. Volume of wine exports per capita, key Old World and New World countries, 1955 to 2016, litres

29. Unit value of wine exports, 2014-16, US\$/litre

30. Unit value of wine imports, 2014-16, US\$.litre

31. Bulk wine as % of total wine export volume, 2014-16

32. Bulk wine as % of total wine import volume, 2014-16

33. Index of 'revealed' comparative advantage in wine, 2014-16

34. Index of 'revealed' comparative advantage in wine, 1900s to 2016

36. Cumulative national shares of world wine export volume, 1860 to 2013, %

37. World total and per capita annual wine production volume, 1860 to 2016

38. Share of world wine production exported, 1860 to 2016, %

39. Share of world wine production, 1860 to 2016, %

40. Share of world wine consumption, 1860 to 2015, %

41. Share of world wine export volume, France, Italy, Spain and Algeria, 1860 to 2016, %

42. Value of wine exports, New World countries, 1986 to 2016, US\$ million

43. Wine production per capita, traditional and New World countries, 1860 to 2015, litres per year

44. Wine consumption per capita, traditional and New World countries, 1860 to 2015, litres per year

45. Share of world wine export value, 1900 to 2016, %

46. Share of world wine import value, 1900 to 2016, %

# **Tables**

# **I. Global wine markets, 2014-16**


**Total ANZ 169 0.57 1519 659 46.5 8549 300 28 778** 27.3

**Table 1: Summary of the world's wine markets, 2014-16 (annual averages)**





# **Table 3: Other key indicators of the world's wine markets, 2014-16 (annual averages)**


### **II. Wine markets by country: annual data, 2006 to 2016**

#### **Table 4: Total grape vine bearing area, '000 hectares**


#### **Table 5: Share of world grapevine bearing area, %**


#### **Table 6: Share of total agricultural crop area under grapevines, %**


#### **Table 7: Grapevine area per capita, hectares**


#### **Table 8: Grapevine area per \$m of real GDP, '000 hectares**


#### **Table 9: Total grape production, KT**


#### **Table 10: Share of world grape production, %**


#### **Table 11: Share of grapes in gross value of all crop production, %**


#### **Table 12: Grape yield per hectare, tonnes**


#### **Table 13: Volume of grapes used for wine, KT**


#### **Table 14: Share of grape crop used in wine production, %**


**Table 15: Share of winegrape area planted to nation's main varieties, %, 2010**




#### **Table 17: Volume of wine production, ML**


#### **Table 18: Share of world wine production volume, %**


#### **Table 19: Volume of wine production per capita, litres**


#### **Table 20: Volume of wine production per \$m of real GDP, KL**


#### **Table 21: Volume of beverage wine consumption, ML**


#### **Table 22: Share of world beverage wine consumption volume, %**


#### **Table 23: Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita, litres**




#### **Table 25: Volume of beverage wine consumption, KL of alcohol**


#### **Table 26: Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita, litres of alcohol**




#### **Table 28: Volume of beer consumption, KL of alcohol**


#### **Table 29: Share of world beer consumption volume, %**


#### **Table 30: Volume of world beer consumption per capita, litres of alcohol**


#### **Table 31: Volume of beer consumption per adult, litres of alcohol**


#### **Table 32: Volume of spirits consumption, KL of alcohol**


#### **Table 33: Share of world spirits consumption volume, %**


#### **Table 34: Volume of spirits consumption per capita, litres of alcohol**


#### **Table 35: Volume of spirits consumption per adult, litres of alcohol**


#### **Table 36: Volume of total alcohol consumption, KL of alcohol**



#### **Table 38: Volume of total alcohol consumption per adult, litres of alcohol**



#### **Table 40: Share of wine in volume of total aclohol consumption, %**






#### **Table 43: Share of off-trade in total wine consumption volume and value, %**


#### **Table 44: Share of national wine sales volume by four largest firms, %, 2014**


#### **Table 45: Four largest wine firms in each country, 2009 and 2014**

**(a) 2009**


**Notes:** 

CAVIRO - Cooperative Agricole Viti-Frutticoltori Italiani Riuniti Organizzati scarl

LVMH - Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton

COFCO - China National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs

PKWLE - Privatkellerei Franz Wilhelm Langguth Erben

#### **Table 45: Four largest wine firms in each country, 2009 and 2014 (continued)**

**(b) 2014**


LVMH - Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA

COFCO - China National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs

PKWLE - Privatkellerei Franz Wilhelm Langguth Erben

Carmim - Cooperativa Agrícola de Reguengos de Monsaraz CRL

#### **Table 46: Share of world wine sales volume by 30 largest firms, %**


#### **Table 46 (continued): Share of world wine sales volume by 30 largest firms, %**


#### **Table 47: World's most powerful wine brands, 2009 and 2015**

#### **(a) 2009**


#### **(b) 2015**

#### **Rank in top 100**


#### **Table 48: Volume of bottled still wine exports, ML**


#### **Table 49: Volume of bulk wine exports, ML**


#### **Table 50: Volume of sparkling wine exports, ML**


#### **Table 51: Volume of total wine exports, ML**


#### **Table 52: Volume of total wine exports per capita, litres**


#### **Table 53: Volume of total wine exports per \$m of real GDP, litres**


#### **Table 54: Bulk wine as % of total wine export volume**


#### **Table 55: Volume of bottled still wine imports, ML**


#### **Table 56: Volume of bulk wine imports, ML**


#### **Table 57: Volume of sparkling wine imports, ML**


#### **Table 58: Volume of total wine imports, ML**


#### **Table 59: Volume of total wine imports per capita, KL**


#### **Table 60: Volume of total wine imports per \$m of real GDP, litres**


#### **Table 61: Bulk wine as % of total wine import volume**


#### **Table 62: Volume of total wine net imports, ML**


#### **Table 63: Exports as % of wine production volume**


#### **Table 64: Imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume**


#### **Table 65: Net imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume**


#### **Table 66: Wine volume self-sufficiency, %**


#### **Table 67: Share of world wine export volume, %**


#### **Table 68: Share of world wine import volume, %**


#### **Table 69: Wine trade volume specialization index**


#### **Table 70: Wine intra-industry trade volume index**


#### **Table 71: Value of bottled still wine exports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 72: Value of bulk wine exports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 73: Value of sparkling wine exports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 74: Value of total wine exports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 75: Value of total wine exports per capita, US\$**


#### **Table 76: Value of total wine exports per \$m of real GDP, US\$**


#### **Table 77: Bulk wine as % of total wine export value**


#### **Table 78: Value of bottled still wine imports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 79: Value of bulk wine imports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 80: Value of sparkling wine imports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 81: Value of total wine imports, US\$ million**


#### **Table 82: Value of total wine imports per capita, US\$**


#### **Table 83: Value of total wine imports per \$m of real GDP, US\$**


#### **Table 84: Bulk wine as % of total wine import value**


#### **Table 85: Share of world wine export value, %**


#### **Table 86: Share of world wine import value, %**


#### **Table 87: Wine trade value specialization index**


#### **Table 88: Wine intra-industry trade value index**


#### **Table 89: Wine's share of value of all merchandise exports, %**


#### **Table 90: Wine's share of value of all merchandise imports, %**


#### **Table 91: Index of revealed comparative advantage in wine**


#### **Table 92: Unit value of bottled still wine exports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 93: Unit value of bulk wine exports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 94: Unit value of sparkling wine exports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 95: Unit value of total wine exports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 96: Unit value of bottled still wine imports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 97: Unit value of bulk wine imports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 98: Unit value of sparkling wine imports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 99: Unit value of total wine imports, US\$/litre**


#### **Table 100: Total crop area, '000 ha**


#### **Table 101: Total population, '000**


#### **Table 102: Share of world population, %**


#### **Table 103: Share of adults in total population, %**


#### **Table 104: Gross domestic product (GDP), real at 1990 prices, US\$million**


#### **Table 105: Share of world real GDP at 1990 prices, %**


#### **Table 106: Value of total merchandise exports, US\$ billion**


#### **Table 107: Share of world merchandise exports, US\$ billion**


#### **Table 108: Value of total merchandise imports, US\$ billion**


#### **Table 109: Share of world merchandise imports, %**


#### **Table 110: Official exchange rate, LCU per US\$**


#### **Table 111: Consumer price index (2015=100)**


#### **Table 112: Real exchange rate, LCU per US\$**


#### **Table 113: Volume of beer production, ML**


#### **Table 114: Share of volume of world beer production, %**


#### **Table 115: Volume of beer exports, ML**


#### **Table 116: Share of volume of world beer exports, %**


#### **Table 117: Share of beer production volume exported, %**


#### **Table 118: Volume of beer imports, ML**


#### **Table 119: Share of volume of world beer imports, %**


#### **Table 120: Share of imports in beer consumption volume, %**


# **III. Wine markets by country: decadal data, 1860s to 2000s, and 2010-16**


**Table 121: Total grapevine bearing area, '000 ha**



**Table 122: Share of world grapevine bearing area, %**



**Table 123: Share of total agricultural crop area under grapevines, %**



**Table 124: Grapevine area per capita, hectares**



**Table 125: Grapevine area per \$m of real GDP, hectares**



**Table 126: Total grape production, KT**





**Table 128: Share of grapes in gross value of all crop production, %**



**Table 129: Grape yield per hectare, tonnes**





**Table 131: Share of grape crop used in wine production, %**



**Table 132: Volume of wine production, ML**



**Table 133: Share of world wine production volume, %**



**Table 134: Volume of wine production per capita, litres**



**Table 135: Volume of wine production per \$m of real GDP, KL**



**Table 136: Volume of beverage wine consumption, ML**



**Table 137: Share of world beverage wine consumption volume, %**



**Table 138: Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita, litres**



**Table 139: Volume of beverage wine consumption per \$m of real GDP, KL**



**Table 140: Volume of beverage wine consumption, KL of alcohol**



**Table 141: Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita, litres of alcohol**



**Table 142: Volume of beverage wine consumption per adult, litres of alcohol**



**Table 143: Volume of beer consumption, KL of alcohol**



**Table 144: Share of world beer consumption volume, %** 



**Table 145: Volume of beer consumption per capita, litres of alcohol**



**Table 146: Volume of beer consumption per adult, litres of alcohol**







**Table 149: Volume of spirits consumption per capita, litres of alcohol**



**Table 150: Volume of spirits consumption per adult, litres of alcohol**



**Table 151: Volume of total alcohol consumption, KL of alcohol**



**Table 152: Volume of total alcohol consumption per capita, litres of alcohol**



**Table 153: Volume of total alcohol consumption per adult, litres of alcohol**



**Table 154: Volume of total alcohol consumption per \$m of real GDP, litres of alcohol**



**Table 155: Share of wine in volume of total alcohol consumption, %**



**Table 156: Share of beer in volume of total alcohol consumption, %**



**Table 157: Share of spirits in volume of total alcohol consumption, %**



**Table 158: Volume of total wine exports, ML**





**Table 160: Volume of total wine exports per \$m of real GDP, litres**



**Table 161: Volume of total wine imports, ML**



# **Table 162: Volume of total wine imports per capita, litres**



**Table 163: Volume of total wine imports per \$m of real GDP, litres**



**Total ANZ 1 1 1 -1 -2 -2 -6 -14 -9 -5 -6 0 -5 -95 -567 -801**




**Table 165: Exports as % of wine production volume**



**Table 166: Imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume**



**Table 167: Net imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume** 





**Table 169: Share of world wine export volume, %**



**Table 170: Share of world wine import volume, %**



**Table 171: Wine trade volume specialization index**



**Table 172: Intra-industry trade volume index**



**Table 173: Value of total wine exports, US\$ million**



# **Table 174: Value of total wine exports per capita, US\$**



**Table 175: Value of total wine exports per \$m of real GDP (US\$)**



**Table 176: Value of total wine imports, US\$ million**



**Table 177: Value of total wine imports per capita, US\$**



**Table 178: Value of total wine imports per \$m of real GDP, US\$**



**Table 179: Share of world wine export value, %**



**Table 180: Share of world wine import value, %**



**Table 181: Wine trade value specialization index**





**Table 183: Wine's share of value of all merchandise exports, %**





**Table 185: Index of revealed comparative advantage in wine**

286



**Table 186: Unit value of total wine exports, US\$**



**Table 187: Unit value of total wine imports, US\$**



**Table 188: Total crop area, '000 ha**



**Table 189: Total population, '000**



**Table 190: Share of world population, %**







300



**Table 193: Share of world real GDP at 1990 prices, %**



**Table 194: Value of total merchandise exports, US\$ billion**



**Table 195: Share of world merchandise exports, %**



**Table 196: Value of total merchandise imports, US\$ billion**



**Table 197: Share of world merchandise imports, %**



**Table 198: Official exchange rate, LCU per US\$**







**Table 201: Volume of beer production, ML**



**Table 202: Share of world beer production, %**


**Table 203: Volume of beer exports, ML**



**Table 204: Share of world beer exports, %**






# **IV. Wine bilateral trade, country by region, 1990-2016**



**Table 207: Volume of wine exports to each region, '000 litres (continued)**







**Table 208: Volume of wine imports from each region, '000 litres**







**Table 208: Volume of wine imports from each region, '000 litres (continued)**


**Table 209: Value of wine exports to each region, US\$ '000**








**Table 210: Value of wine imports from each region, US\$ '000**




**Table 210: Value of wine imports from each region, US\$ '000 (continued)**




**Table 210: Value of wine imports from each region, US\$ '000 (continued)**


**Table 211: Unit value of wine exports to each region, US\$/litre**








**Table 212: Unit value of wine imports from each region, US\$/litre**




**Table 212: Unit value of wine imports from each region, US\$/litre (continued)**




**Table 212: Unit value of wine imports from each region, US\$/litre (continued)**


**Table 213: Share of volume of wine exports to each region, %**


**Table 213: Share of volume of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 213: Share of volume of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 213: Share of volume of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 213: Share of volume of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 213: Share of volume of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 213: Share of volume of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 214: Share of volume of wine imports from each region, %**


**Table 214: Share of volume of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 214: Share of volume of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


#### **Table 214: Share of volume of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


#### **Table 214: Share of volume of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 214: Share of volume of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 214: Share of volume of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 215: Share of value of wine exports to each region, %**


**Table 215: Share of value of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 215: Share of value of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


#### **Table 215: Share of value of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


#### **Table 215: Share of value of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


#### **Table 215: Share of value of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 215: Share of value of wine exports to each region, % (continued)**


**Table 216: Share of value of wine imports from each region, %**


**Table 216: Share of value of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 216: Share of value of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


#### **Table 216: Share of value of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


#### **Table 216: Share of value of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 216: Share of value of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 216: Share of value of wine imports from each region, % (continued)**


**Table 217: Index of volume-based regional wine trade intensity**


**Table 217: Index of volume-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 217: Index of volume-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 217: Index of volume-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 217: Index of volume-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 217: Index of volume-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 217: Index of volume-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 218: Index of value-based regional wine trade intensity**


**Table 218: Index of value-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 218: Index of value-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 218: Index of value-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 218: Index of value-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 218: Index of value-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**


**Table 218: Index of value-based regional wine trade intensity (continued)**

# **V. Wine bilateral trade, country by country, 2016**


**SumANZ 3.6 21.7 0.1 1.0 26.4 0.0 19.5 15.9 8.4 22.9 0.0 12.2 53.9 12.0 0.3 429.5 5.4 580.2**

**Table 219: Volume of bilateral trade, 2016, ML**






**SumANZ 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.2 1.9 3.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 6.8 7.3 160.1 19.7**

**Table 219: Volume of bilateral trade, 2016, ML (continued)**






**Table 220: Value of bilateral trade, 2016, US\$ milion**







**RUS** 0.0 0.2 **0.2** 2.9

**OECA** 0.0 0.0 0.0 **0.1** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 **0.7** 0.0 0.7 **SumECA 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.3 2.6 22.0 1.1 AUS** 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.8 0.7 2.7 **5.6** 3.4 0.1 0.0 1.4 16.4 **21.4** 385.2 100.1 **NZL** 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 2.6 **3.3** 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 4.4 **4.8** 18.8 11.3 **SumANZ 0.1 1.6 0.1 1.1 0.7 5.2 8.9 3.5 0.1 0.0 1.7 20.9 26.2 404.0 111.4**

**UKR**



**Table 220: Value of bilateral trade, 2016, US\$ milion (continued)**









**SumANZ 1.9 2.0 4.6 2.7 2.6 51.2 4.0 4.8 3.1 3.6 2.5 5.7**

**Table 221: Unit value of bilateral wine trade, 2016, \$US/litre (continued)**



**NZL** 4.0 4.8 4.6 4.5 2.7 5.6 na 4.0 4.1 **5.0** 2.9 3.4 **3.3 SumANZ 1.9 2.3 3.0 5.3 2.2 5.2 na 2.4 3.3 3.0 1.5 2.3 2.1**










**SumANZ 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 11.7 1.4**

**Table 222: Share of volume of wine exports to each country and region, 2016, % (continued)**









**SumANZ 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 9.1 2.2 11.3 24.7 7.8 32.4**









**Table 224: Index of volume-based national bilateral trade intensity, 2016**









**Table 224: Index of volume-based national bilateral trade intensity, 2016 (continued)**


**Table 225: Index of value-based national bilateral trade intensity, 2016**







**SumANZ 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.5 2.6 0.8**

**Table 225: Index of value-based national bilateral trade intensity, 2016 (continued)**



**Table 225: Index of value-based national bilateral trade intensity, 2016 (continued)**


# **VI. Wine and other alcohol consumption taxes, 2008, 2012 and 2014**

#### **Table 226: Excise taxes on wines, beers and spirits consumption and VAT/GST**

**(a) 2008**


#### **Table 226: Excise taxes on wines, beers and spirits consumption and VAT/GST (continued)**

**(b) 2012**

**Non-premium wine Commercial premium wine Super premium wine Sparkling wine Beer Spirits VAT/GST (A\$2.50/litre) (A\$7.50/litre) (A\$20/litre) (A\$25/litre) (A\$2/litre) (A\$15/litre) Argentina** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 20.0 21.0 **Australia** 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 107.1 184.4 10.0 **Austria** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.8 33.6 20.0 **Belgium** 23.7 7.9 3.0 8.1 13.5 58.9 21.0 **Brazil Bulgaria Canada** 23.7 7.9 3.0 2.4 74.7 29.9 15.0 **Chile** 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 27.0 19.0 **China Czech Rep** 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 3.9 37.2 20.0 **Denmark** 71.9 24.0 9.0 9.6 26.9 67.7 25.0 **Estonia** 36.8 12.3 4.6 3.7 17.1 47.7 20.0 **Finland** 157.4 52.5 19.7 15.7 94.3 145.9 23.0 **France** 2.0 0.7 0.3 0.5 8.7 55.8 20.0 **Germany** 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.9 6.2 43.8 19.0 **Greece** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.5 82.4 23.0 **Hong Kong Hungary** 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 14.6 30.8 27.0 **Iceland India Indonesia Ireland** 132.1 44.0 16.5 26.4 49.5 104.7 23.0 **Israel** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 137.4 110.3 16.0 **Italy** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.5 26.9 21.0 **Japan** 40.5 13.5 5.1 4.0 34.8 13.5 5.0 **Korea** 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 94.0 91.0 10.0 **Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 35.0 15.0 **Malaysia Mexico** 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 50.0 16.0 **Netherlands** 35.8 11.9 4.5 12.2 17.3 50.6 19.0 **New Zealand** 86.1 28.7 10.8 8.6 51.8 251.5 15.0 **Norway** 343.1 114.4 42.9 34.3 178.7 292.4 25.0 **Philippines Poland** 17.8 5.9 2.2 1.8 13.7 37.3 23.0 **Portugal** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.1 37.3 23.0 **Romania Singapore Slovak Rep** 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 11.3 36.3 20.0 **Slovenia** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.5 33.6 20.0 **South Africa** 12.0 4.0 1.5 3.6 17.8 35.7 10.0 **Spain** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.4 27.9 18.0 **Sweden** 122.0 40.7 15.3 12.2 58.7 189.0 25.0 **Switzerland** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.7 80.0 8.0 **Taiwan Thailand Turkey** 40.3 13.4 5.0 25.5 63.0 90.6 18.0 **UK** 145.5 48.5 18.2 18.7 70.1 102.7 20.0 **USA** 18.3 6.1 2.3 4.5 53.4 25.2 0.0 **Ad valorem equivalent rates at the quoted border price**

ᵃ Turkey still wine data are for 2010

#### **Table 226: Excise taxes on wines, beers and spirits consumption and VAT/GST (continued)**

**(c) 2014**

**Non-premium wine Commercial premium wine Super premium wine Sparkling wine Beer Spirits VAT/GST (A\$2.50/litre) (A\$7.50/litre) (A\$20/litre) (A\$25/litre) (A\$2/litre) (A\$15/litre) Argentina** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 20.0 21.0 **Australia** 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 116.9 211.3 10.0 **Austria** 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 18.1 46.3 20.0 **Belgium** 33.0 11.0 4.1 11.3 16.7 81.8 21.0 **Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile** 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 27.0 19.0 **China Czech Rep** 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 4.2 39.9 21.0 **Denmark** 85.2 28.4 10.6 11.0 27.1 77.4 25.0 **Estonia** 49.2 16.4 6.2 4.9 22.7 63.4 20.0 **Finland** 196.3 65.4 24.5 19.6 116.0 175.8 24.0 **France** 2.3 0.8 0.3 0.5 26.5 66.4 20.0 **Germany** 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.9 7.1 50.3 19.0 **Greece** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.5 94.6 23.0 **Hong Kong Hungary** 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 18.7 41.1 27.0 **Iceland India Indonesia Ireland** 246.1 82.0 30.8 49.2 81.6 164.3 21.0 **Israel Italy** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.4 36.4 22.0 **Japan Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 40.2 15.0 **Malaysia Mexico Netherlands** 51.0 17.0 6.4 14.7 17.2 65.1 21.0 **New Zealand** 104.8 34.9 13.1 10.5 65.5 127.3 15.0 **Norway Philippines Poland** 21.9 7.3 2.7 2.2 16.9 52.7 23.0 **Portugal** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.3 48.3 23.0 **Romania Singapore Slovak Rep** 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 13.0 41.7 20.0 **Slovenia** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.8 51.0 22.0 **South Africa** 11.4 3.8 1.4 3.6 17.1 36.5 14.0 **Spain** 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.0 35.2 21.0 **Sweden** 145.4 48.5 18.2 14.5 70.1 212.6 25.0 **Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey UK** 197.8 65.9 24.7 25.3 86.5 136.2 20.0 **USA Ad valorem equivalent rates at the quoted border price**

# **VII. Wine and other (tax-inclusive) retail beverage consumption expenditure, 2001 to 2015\***

\* Note that in this section and Section IX, 'wine' includes rice wine. That is significant only for China, Japan, and Korea, where wine consumption is overstated and spirits consumption is understated.

#### **Table 227: Expenditure on wine (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 228: Expenditure on beer (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 229: Expenditure on spirits (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 230: Expenditure on all alcohol (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 231: Expenditure on bottled water (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 232: Expenditure on carbonated soft drinks (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 233: Expenditure on other soft drinks (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 234: Expenditure on all soft drinks (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 235: Expenditure on all hot drinks (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 236: Expenditure on all beverages (million USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 237: Expenditure on all non-alcoholic products (billion USD, current prices)**


#### **Table 238: Expenditure per capita on wine (USD)**


#### **Table 239: Expenditure per capita on beer (USD)**


#### **Table 240: Expenditure per capita on spirits (USD)**


#### **Table 241: Expenditure per capita on all alcohol (USD)**


#### **Table 242: Expenditure per capita on all non-alcohol products (USD)**


#### **Table 243: Retail (tax-inclusive) price per litre of alcohol for wine (USD)**


#### **Table 244: Retail (tax-inclusive) price per litre of alcohol for beer (USD)**


#### **Table 245: Retail (tax-inclusive) price per litre of alcohol for spirits (USD)**


#### **Table 246:Retail (tax-inclusive) price per litre of alcohol for all alcohol (USD)**


#### **Table 247: Share of wine in alcohol expenditure (%)**


#### **Table 248: Share of beer in alcohol expenditure (%)**


#### **Table 249: Share of spirits in alcohol expenditure (%)**


#### **Table 250: Share of wine in all beverages expenditure (%)**


#### **Table 251: Share of wine in total expenditure (%)**


**VIII. Indexes of intensity and similarity in alcohol consumption volume, by region, 1961 to 2015**

#### **Table 252: Wine consumption volume intensity index**


#### **Table 253: Beer consumption volume intensity index**


#### **Table 254: Spirits consumption volume intensity index**


#### **Table 255: Consumption volume intensity indexes for wine-, beer- and spirits-focused countries**

#### **(a) Wine-focused countries (b) Beer-focused countries (c) Spirits-focused countries**


#### **Table 256: Consumption volume intensity indexes for six geographic regions**

#### **(a) Western Europe (b) Eastern Europe (c) North America**


#### **Table 256 (continued): Consumption volume intensity indexes for six geographic regions**

#### **(d) Latin America (e) Asia (f) Africa and Middle East**


#### **Table 257: Wine consumption volume intensity index, by region and beverage focus**


#### **(b) By beverage focus**


#### **Table 258: Beer consumption volume intensity index, by region and beverage focus**


#### **(b) By beverage focus**


#### **Table 259: Spirits consumption volume intensity index, by region and beverage focus**

**(a) By region**

#### **(b) By beverage focus**


#### **Tables 260: Alcohol consumption volume and value similarity indexes**

**(a) volume**


**(b) value**


# **IX. Indexes of intensity, similarity and quality of alcohol consumption, by country, 2001 to 2015\***

\* Note that in this section and Section VII, 'wine' includes rice wine. That is significant only for China, Japan, and Korea, where the wine intensity is thus overstated and the spirits intensity index undestated.

#### **Table 261: Wine consumption volume intensity index**


#### **Table 262: Wine consumption value intensity index**


#### **Table 263: Beer consumption volume intensity index**


#### **Table 264: Beer consumption value intensity index**


#### **Table 265: Spirits consumption volume intensity index**


#### **Table 266: Spirits consumption value intensity index**


#### **Table 267: Alcohol consumption volume similarity index**


#### **Table 268: Alcohol consumption value similarity index**


#### **Table 269: Wine consumption quality index**


#### **Table 270: Beer consumption quality index**


#### **Table 271: Spirits consumption quality index**


#### **Table 272: Wine/beer price ratio (retail tax-inclusive consumer prices)**


#### **Table 273: Wine/spirits price ratio (retail tax-inclusive consumer prices)**


 **X. Earlier total and bilateral wine trade and alcohol taxes, 1323 to 1940**



#### **Table 275: Volume of British wine imports, volume by source and value, 1675 to 1940 (KL, current UK pounds & US\$)**


#### **Table 275: Volume of British wine imports, volume by source and value, 1675 to 1940 (KL, current UK pounds & US\$) (continued)**



#### **Table 276: Share of British wine import volume, by source, 1675 to 1940 (%)**


#### **Table 277: British wine import taxes, by source, 1660 to 1862 (current UK Pounds per KL)**




#### **Table 279: French vine area and volumes of wine production, imports and exports, 1700 to 1835 ('ooo ha and KL)**


#### **Table 280: Volume and shares of French wine imports, by source, 1850 to 1938 (ML and %)**

**(a) Volume**


#### **(b) Shares**


#### **Table 281: Volume and shares of French wine exports, by destination, 1845 to 1938 (ML and %)**

**(a) Volume**


#### **(b) Shares**


#### **Table 282: French import taxes on bulk wine, 1877 to 1934 (% ad valorem equivalent)**


#### **Table 283: Portugal's port wine production and export volumes, 1772 to 1850 (KL)**


#### **Table 284: South African (Cape) vine area, wine production and wine exports, 1666 to 1909**



#### **Table 284: South African (Cape) vine area, wine production and wine exports, 1666 to 1909 (continued)**



#### **Table 285: Greek raisin production and export volume and value, 1835 to 2014**


#### **Table 285: Greek raisin production and export volume and value, 1835 to 2014 (continued)**


**Table 285: Greek raisin production and export volume and value, 1835 to 2014 (continued)**


#### **About the Wine Economics Research Centre**

The Wine Economics Research Centre was established in 2010 by the School of Economics and the Wine 2030 Research Network of the University of Adelaide in South Australia, having been previously a program within the University's Centre for International Economic Studies.

The Centre's purpose is to promote and foster its growing research strength in the area of wine economics research, and to complement the University's long-established strengths in viticulture and oenology.

The key objectives for the Wine Economics Research Centre are to:


Contact details: Wine Economics Research Centre School of Economics University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 AUSTRALIA Email: kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au Website: www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ